TY - JOUR T1 - Common garden experiments disentangle plant genetic and environmental contributions to ectomycorrhizal fungal community structure. JF - New Phytologist Y1 - 2018 A1 - Patterson, A.M. A1 - Flores-Rentería, L. A1 - A.V. Whipple A1 - Whitham, T.G. A1 - Gehring, C.A. AB -

The interactions among climate change, plant genetic variation and fungal mutualists are poorly understood, but probably important to plant survival under drought. We examined these interactions by studying the ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) communities of pinyon pine seedlings (Pinus edulis) planted in a wildland ecosystem experiencing two decades of climate change‐related drought We established a common garden containing P. edulis seedlings of known maternal lineages (drought tolerant, DT; drought intolerant, DI), manipulated soil moisture and measured EMF community structure and seedling growth. Three findings emerged: EMF community composition differed at the phylum level between DT and DI seedlings, and diversity was two‐fold greater in DT than in DI seedlings. EMF communities of DT seedlings did not shift with water treatment and were dominated by an ascomycete, Geopora sp. By contrast, DI seedlings shifted to basidiomycete dominance with increased moisture, demonstrating a lineage by environment interaction. DT seedlings grew larger than DI seedlings in high (28%) and low (50%) watering treatments. These results show that inherited plant traits strongly influence microbial communities, interacting with drought to affect seedling performance. These interactions and their potential feedback effects may influence the success of trees, such as P. edulis, in future climates.

VL - 221 UR - https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.15352 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - High temperature at lower elevation sites fails to promote acclimation or adaptation to heat stress during pollen germination. JF - Frontiers in Plant Science Y1 - 2018 A1 - Flores-Rentería, L. A1 - Whipple, A.V., A1 - Benally, G.J. A1 - Patterson, A.M. A1 - Canyon, B. A1 - Gehring, C.A. AB -

High temperatures associated with climate change are expected to be detrimental for aspects of plant reproduction, such as pollen viability. We hypothesized that (1) higher peak temperatures predicted with climate change would have a minimal effect on pollen viability, while high temperatures during pollen germination would negatively affect pollen viability, (2) high temperatures during pollen dispersal would facilitate acclimation to high temperatures during pollen germination, and (3) pollen from populations at sites with warmer average temperatures would be better adapted to high temperature peaks. We tested these hypotheses in Pinus edulis, a species with demonstrated sensitivity to climate change, using populations along an elevational gradient. We tested for acclimation to high temperatures by measuring pollen viability during dispersal and germination stages in pollen subjected to 30, 35, and 40°C in a factorial design. We also characterized pollen phenology and measured pollen heat tolerance using trees from nine sites along a 200 m elevational gradient that varied 4°C in temperature. We demonstrated that this gradient is biologically meaningful by evaluating variation in vegetation composition and P. edulis performance. Male reproduction was negatively affected by high temperatures, with stronger effects during pollen germination than pollen dispersal. Populations along the elevational gradient varied in pollen phenology, vegetation composition, plant water stress, nutrient availability, and plant growth. In contrast to our hypothesis, pollen viability was highest in pinyons from mid-elevation sites rather than from lower elevation sites. We found no evidence of acclimation or adaptation of pollen to high temperatures. Maximal plant performance as measured by growth did not occur at the same elevation as maximal pollen viability. These results indicate that periods of high temperature negatively affected sexual reproduction, such that even high pollen production may not result in successful fertilization due to low germination. Acquired thermotolerance might not limit these impacts, but pinyon could avoid heat stress by phenological adjustment of pollen development. Higher pollen viability at the core of the distribution could be explained by an optimal combination of biotic and abiotic environmental factors. The disconnect between measures of growth and pollen production suggests that vigor metrics may not accurately estimate reproduction.

VL - 9 UR - https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2018.00536/full ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Arthropod communities on hybrid and parental cottonwoods are phylogenetically structured by tree type: Implications for conservation of biodiversity in plant hybrid zones. JF - Ecology and evolution Y1 - 2017 A1 - Jarvis,Karl J A1 - Allan,Gerard J A1 - Craig,Ashley J A1 - Beresic-Perrins,Rebecca K A1 - Wimp,Gina A1 - Gehring,Catherine A A1 - Whitham,Thomas G AB -

Although hybridization in plants has been recognized as an important pathway in plant speciation, it may also affect the ecology and evolution of associated communities. Cottonwood species (Populus angustifolia and P. fremontii) and their naturally occurring hybrids are known to support different plant, animal, and microbial communities, but no studies have examined community structure within the context of phylogenetic history. Using a community composed of 199 arthropod species, we tested for differences in arthropod phylogenetic patterns within and among hybrid and parental tree types in a common garden. Three major patterns emerged. (1) Phylogenetic diversity (PD) was significantly different between arthropod communities on hybrids and Fremont cottonwood when pooled by tree type. (2) Mean phylogenetic distance (MPD) and net relatedness index (NRI) indicated that communities on hybrid trees were significantly more phylogenetically overdispersed than communities on either parental tree type. (3) Community distance (Dpw) indicated that communities on hybrids were significantly different than parental species. Our results show that arthropod communities on parental and hybrid cottonwoods exhibit significantly different patterns of phylogenetic structure. This suggests that arthropod community assembly is driven, in part, by plant-arthropod interactions at the level of cottonwood tree type. We discuss potential hypotheses to explain the effect of plant genetic dissimilarity on arthropod phylogenetic community structure, including the role of competition and environmental filtering. Our findings suggest that cottonwood species and their hybrids function as evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) that affect the assembly and composition of associated arthropod communities and deserve high priority for conservation.

VL - 7 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&DbFrom=pubmed&Cmd=Link&LinkName=pubmed_pubmed&LinkReadableName=Related%20Articles&IdsFromResult=28808554&ordinalpos=3&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSumhttp://www.ncbi. IS - 15 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Arthropod communities on hybrid and parental cottonwoods are phylogenetically structured by tree type: Implications for conservation of biodiversity in plant hybrid zones. JF - Ecology and Evolution Y1 - 2017 A1 - Jarvis, K.J. A1 - Allan, G.J. A1 - Craig, A. J. A1 - Beresic-Perrins, R. K.. A1 - G. Wimp A1 - Gehring, C.A. A1 - T. G. Whitham KW - arthropod phylogenetics KW - common garden KW - community genetics KW - community phylogenetics KW - foundation species KW - hybridization AB -

Although hybridization in plants has been recognized as an important pathway in plant speciation, it may also affect the ecology and evolution of associated communities. Cottonwood species (Populus angustifolia and P. fremontii) and their naturally occurring hybrids are known to support different plant, animal, and microbial communities, but no studies have examined community structure within the context of phylogenetic history. Using a community composed of 199 arthropod species, we tested for differences in arthropod phylogenetic patterns within and among hybrid and parental tree types in a common garden. Three major patterns emerged. (1) Phylogenetic diversity (PD) was significantly different between arthropod communities on hybrids and Fremont cottonwood when pooled by tree type. (2) Mean phylogenetic distance (MPD) and net relatedness index (NRI) indicated that communities on hybrid trees were significantly more phylogenetically overdispersed than communities on either parental tree type. (3) Community distance (D pw) indicated that communities on hybrids were significantly different than parental species. Our results show that arthropod communities on parental and hybrid cottonwoods exhibit significantly different patterns of phylogenetic structure. This suggests that arthropod community assembly is driven, in part, by plant–arthropod interactions at the level of cottonwood tree type. We discuss potential hypotheses to explain the effect of plant genetic dissimilarity on arthropod phylogenetic community structure, including the role of competition and environmental filtering. Our findings suggest that cottonwood species and their hybrids function as evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) that affect the assembly and composition of associated arthropod communities and deserve high priority for conservation.

VL - 7 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5551273/ IS - 15 ER - TY - CHAP T1 - IN PRESS: Using the Southwest Experimental Garden Array to enhance riparian restoration in response to global change: Identifying and deploying genotypes and populations for current and future environments. T2 - In Riparian research and management: Past, present, future. Y1 - 2017 A1 - Whitham, T.G. A1 - C.A. Gehring A1 - H.M. Bothwell A1 - H.F. Cooper A1 - J.B. Hull A1 - G.J. Allan A1 - K.C. Grady A1 - L. Markovchick A1 - S.M. Shuster A1 - J. Parker A1 - A.E. Cadmus A1 - D.H. Ikeda A1 - R.K. Bangert JF - In Riparian research and management: Past, present, future. PB - Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-inpress Fort Collins U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. CY - Fort Collins, CO, USA VL - 2 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Local biotic adaptation of trees and shrubs to plant neighbors. JF - Okios Y1 - 2017 A1 - Grady, K.C. A1 - Wood, T. E. A1 - Kolb, T. E. A1 - Hersch-Green, E. A1 - Shuster, S.M. A1 - Gehring, C. A. A1 - Hart, S.C. A1 - Allan, G.J. A1 - T. G. Whitham AB -

Natural selection as a result of plant–plant interactions can lead to local biotic adaptation. This may occur where species frequently interact and compete intensely for resources limiting growth, survival, and reproduction. Selection is demonstrated by comparing a genotype interacting with con‐ or hetero‐specific sympatric neighbor genotypes with a shared site‐level history (derived from the same source location), to the same genotype interacting with foreign neighbor genotypes (from different sources). Better genotype performance in sympatric than allopatric neighborhoods provides evidence of local biotic adaptation. This pattern might be explained by selection to avoid competition by shifting resource niches (differentiation) or by interactions benefitting one or more members (facilitation). We tested for local biotic adaptation among two riparian trees, Populus fremontii and Salix gooddingii, and the shrub Salix exigua by transplanting replicated genotypes from multiple source locations to a 17 000 tree common garden with sympatric and allopatric treatments along the Colorado River in California. Three major patterns were observed: 1) across species, 62 of 88 genotypes grew faster with sympatric neighbors than allopatric neighbors; 2) these growth rates, on an individual tree basis, were 44, 15 and 33% higher in sympatric than allopatric treatments for P. fremontii, S. exigua and S. gooddingii, respectively, and; 3) survivorship was higher in sympatric treatments for P. fremontii and S. exigua. These results support the view that fitness of foundation species supporting diverse communities and dominating ecosystem processes is determined by adaptive interactions among multiple plant species with the outcome that performance depends on the genetic identity of plant neighbors. The occurrence of evolution in a plant‐community context for trees and shrubs builds on ecological evolutionary research that has demonstrated co‐evolution among herbaceous taxa, and evolution of native species during exotic plants invasion, and taken together, refutes the concept that plant communities are always random associations.

VL - 126 UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/oik.03240 IS - 4 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Root-associated microbes in pinyon pine: Implications for management. In Symposium Proceedings for Piñon-juniper Habitats: Status and Management for Wildlife T2 - Piñon-juniper Habitats: Status and Management for Wildlife Y1 - 2017 A1 - Andrews, L.V. A1 - Gehring, C.A. JF - Piñon-juniper Habitats: Status and Management for Wildlife PB - In Symposium Proceedings for Piñon-juniper Habitats: Status and Management for Wildlife USFS ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Tree genetics defines fungal partner communities that may confer drought tolerance. JF - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Y1 - 2017 A1 - Gehring, C.A. A1 - Sthultz, C.M. A1 - Flores-Rentería, L. A1 - A.V. Whipple A1 - T.G. Whitham AB -

Plant genetic variation and soil microorganisms are individually known to influence plant responses to climate change, but the interactive effects of these two factors are largely unknown. Using long-term observational studies in the field and common garden and greenhouse experiments of a foundation tree species (Pinus edulis) and its mutualistic ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) associates, we show that EMF community composition is under strong plant genetic control. Seedlings acquire the EMF community of their seed source trees (drought tolerant vs. drought intolerant), even when exposed to inoculum from the alternate tree type. Drought-tolerant trees had 25% higher growth and a third the mortality of drought-intolerant trees over the course of 10 y of drought in the wild, traits that were also observed in their seedlings in a common garden. Inoculation experiments show that EMF communities are critical to drought tolerance. Drought-tolerant and drought-intolerant seedlings grew similarly when provided sterile EMF inoculum, but drought-tolerant seedlings grew 25% larger than drought-intolerant seedlings under dry conditions when each seedling type developed its distinct EMF community. This demonstration that particular combinations of plant genotype and mutualistic EMF communities improve the survival and growth of trees with drought is especially important, given the vulnerability of forests around the world to the warming and drying conditions predicted for the future.

VL - 114 UR - https://www.pnas.org/content/114/42/11169 IS - 42 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Cheatgrass invasion alters the abundance and composition of dark septate fungal communities in sagebrush steppe. JF - Botany Y1 - 2016 A1 - CA Gehring A1 - Hayer,M A1 - L Flores-Renteria A1 - Krohn,AL A1 - Schwartz,E A1 - P Dijkstra AB - Invasive, non-native plant species can alter soil microbial communitiesin ways that contribute to their persistence. While most studies emphasize mycorrhizal fungi, invasive plants also may influence communities of dark septate fungi (DSF), which are common root endophytes that can function like mycorrhizas. We tested the hypothesis that a widespread invasive plant in the western United States, cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.), influenced the abundance and community composition of DSF by examining the roots and rhizosphere soils of cheatgrass and two native plant species in cheatgrass-invaded and noninvaded areas of sagebrush steppe. We focused on cheatgrass because it is negatively affected by mycorrhizal fungi and colonized by DSF. We found that DSF root colonization and operational taxonomic unit (OTU) richness were significantly higher in sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.) and rice grass (Achnatherum hymenoides (Roem. & Schult.) Barkworth) from invaded areas than noninvaded areas. Cheatgrass roots had similar levels of DSF colonization and OTU richness as native plants. The community composition of DSF varied with invasion in the roots and soils of native species and among the roots of the three plant species in the invaded areas. The substantial changes in DSF we observed following cheatgrass invasion argue for comparative studies of DSF function in native and non-native plant species. VL - 9 IS - 6 N1 - [Original String]:Gehring, C. A., Hayer, M. Flores-Renteria, L. Krohn, A. L., Schwartz, E. and Dijkstra, P. (In press). Cheatgrass invasion alters the abundance and composition of dark septate fungal communities in sagebrush steppe. Botany. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - A robust method to determine historical annual cone production among slow-growing conifers. JF - Canadian Journal of Forest Research Y1 - 2016 A1 - Redmond,M A1 - Weisberg,P A1 - Cobb,NS A1 - CA Gehring A1 - AV Whipple A1 - TG Whitham VL - 398 N1 - [Original String]:Redmond, M., Weisberg, P., Cobb, N. S., Gehring, C. A., Whipple, A. V., & Whitham, T. G. (2016). A robust method to determine historical annual cone production among slow-growing conifers. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 398, 1-6. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The role of locally adapted mycorrhizas and rhizobacteria in plant-soil feedback systems. JF - Functional Ecology Y1 - 2016 A1 - Revillini,D A1 - CA Gehring A1 - Johnson,NC VL - 40 N1 - [Original String]:Revillini, D., Gehring, C. A. and Johnson, N. C. (In press). The role of locally adapted mycorrhizas and rhizobacteria in plant-soil feedback systems. Functional Ecology. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Tree genotype influences ectomycorrhizal fungal community structure: Ecological and evolutionary implications JF - FUNGAL ECOLOGY Y1 - 2016 A1 - Lamit,LJ A1 - LM Holeski A1 - L Flores-Renteria A1 - TG Whitham A1 - CA Gehring AB - Although the eco-evolutionary dynamics of multicellular organisms are intertwined with the microorganisms that colonize them, there is only a rudimentary understanding of how a host's genotype influences its microbiome. We utilize Populus angustifolia to test whether communities of essential symbionts, ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF), vary among host genotypes. Further, we test whether EMF communities covary among tree genotypes with the chemistry of senescent leaves and aboveground biomass, traits important to tree fitness, and carbon and nutrient cycling. We found: 1) EMF composition, colonization and the Basidiomycota to Ascomycota ratio varied among tree genotypes (broad-sense heritability=0.10鈥0.25). 2) EMF composition did not covary among genotypes with aboveground biomass but it did covary with senescent leaf chemistry ( rho =0.29), primarily due to a single genotype. These findings demonstrate a link between tree genotype and EMF communities, which has implications for fungal diversity, host-symbiont interactions and aboveground-belowground linkages in ecological and evolutionary contexts. VL - 24 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1754504816300563 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Tree genotype influences ectomycorrhizal fungal community structure: ecological and evolutionary implications. JF - Fungal Ecology Y1 - 2016 A1 - L.J. Lamit A1 - L. M. Holeski A1 - L. Flores-Rentería A1 - T. G. Whitham A1 - C. A. Gehring KW - Ectomycorrhizal fungi KW - Genotype Heritability KW - Populus KW - Senescent leaf chemistry AB -

Although the eco-evolutionary dynamics of multicellular organisms are intertwined with the microorganisms that colonize them, there is only a rudimentary understanding of how a host's genotype influences its microbiome. We utilize Populus angustifolia to test whether communities of essential symbionts, ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF), vary among host genotypes. Further, we test whether EMF communities covary among tree genotypes with the chemistry of senescent leaves and aboveground biomass, traits important to tree fitness, and carbon and nutrient cycling. We found: 1) EMF composition, colonization and the Basidiomycota to Ascomycota ratio varied among tree genotypes (broad-sense heritability = 0.10–0.25). 2) EMF composition did not covary among genotypes with aboveground biomass but it did covary with senescent leaf chemistry (rho = 0.29), primarily due to a single genotype. These findings demonstrate a link between tree genotype and EMF communities, which has implications for fungal diversity, host-symbiont interactions and aboveground-belowground linkages in ecological and evolutionary contexts.

VL - 24 UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1754504816300563 IS - Part B ER - TY - CONF T1 - October). VARIATION IN STOMATAL TRAITS ASSOCIATED WITH DROUGHT TOLERANT AND INTOLERANT PINYON PINE (PINUS EDULIS). T2 - Research Experiences for Undergraduates Symposium (REUS). National Science Foundation. Y1 - 2015 A1 - Vecenti,F A1 - AV Whipple A1 - CA Gehring AB -

Vecenti, F., Whipple, A. V., & Gehring, C. A. (2015, October).VARIATION IN STOMATAL TRAITS ASSOCIATED WITH DROUGHT TOLERANT AND INTOLERANT PINYON PINE (PINUS EDULIS). 2015 Research Experiences for Undergraduates Symposium (REUS). National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA: Council on Undergraduate Research.

JF - Research Experiences for Undergraduates Symposium (REUS). National Science Foundation. T3 - Research Experiences for Undergraduates Symposium (REUS). National Science Foundation, Council on Undergraduate Research. PB - National Science Foundation CY - Arlington, Virginia, USA N1 - [Original String]:Vecenti, F., Whipple, A. V., & Gehring, C. A. (2015, October). VARIATION IN STOMATAL TRAITS ASSOCIATED WITH DROUGHT TOLERANT AND INTOLERANT PINYON PINE (PINUS EDULIS). 2015 Research Experiences for Undergraduates Symposium (REUS). National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA: Council on Undergraduate Research. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Species Introductions and Their Cascading Impacts on Biotic Interactions in desert riparian ecosystems. JF - Integrative and comparative biology Y1 - 2015 A1 - Hultine,Kevin R A1 - Bean,Dan W A1 - Dudley,Tom L A1 - Gehring,Catherine A KW - Animals KW - climate change KW - Desert Climate KW - Ecosystem KW - Introduced Species KW - Rivers AB -

Desert riparian ecosystems of North America are hotspots of biodiversity that support many sensitive species, and are in a region experiencing some of the highest rates of climatic alteration in North America. Fremont cottonwood, Populus fremontii, is a foundation tree species of this critical habitat, but it is threatened by global warming and regional drying, and by a non-native tree/shrub, Tamarix spp., all of which can disrupt the mutualism between P. fremontii and its beneficial mycorrhizal fungal communities. Specialist herbivorous leaf beetles (Diorhabda spp.) introduced for biocontrol of Tamarix are altering the relationship between this shrub and its environment. Repeated episodic feeding on Tamarix foliage by Diorhabda results in varying rates of dieback and mortality, depending on genetic variation in allocation of resources, growing conditions, and phenological synchrony between herbivore and host plant. In this article, we review the complex interaction between climatic change and species introductions and their combined impacts on P. fremontii and their associated communities. We anticipate that (1) certain genotypes of P. fremontii will respond more favorably to the presence of Tamarix and to climatic change due to varying selection pressures to cope with competition and stress; (2) the ongoing evolution of Diorhabda's life cycle timing will continue to facilitate its expansion in North America, and will over time enhance herbivore impact to Tamarix; (3) defoliation by Diorhabda will reduce the negative impact of Tamarix on P. fremontii associations with mycorrhizal fungi; and (4) spatial variability in climate and climatic change will modify the capacity for Tamarix to survive episodic defoliation by Diorhabda, thereby altering the relationship between Tamarix and P. fremontii, and its associated mycorrhizal fungal communities. Given the complex biotic/abiotic interactions outlined in this review, conservation biologists and riparian ecosystem managers should strive to identify and conserve the phenotypic traits that underpin tolerance and resistance to stressors such as climate change and species invasion. Such efforts will greatly enhance conservation restoration efficacy for protecting P. fremontii forests and their associated communities.

VL - 55 SN - 1540-7063 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&DbFrom=pubmed&Cmd=Link&LinkName=pubmed_pubmed&LinkReadableName=Related%20Articles&IdsFromResult=25908667&ordinalpos=3&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSumhttp://www.ncbi. IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Plant genetics and interspecific competitive interactions determine ectomycorrhizal fungal community responses to climate change . JF - Molecular Ecology Y1 - 2013 A1 - CA Gehring A1 - Flores-Rentería,D A1 - CM Sthultz A1 - Leonard,TM A1 - L Flores-Renteria A1 - AV Whipple A1 - TG Whitham VL - 23 N1 - [Original String]:Gehring CA, Flores-Rentería D, Sthultz CM, Leonard TM, Flores-Rentería L, Whipple AV, Whitham TG. 2013. Plant genetics and interspecific competitive interactions determine ectomycorrhizal fungal community responses to climate change . Molecular Ecology 23:1379-1391. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Community specificity: life and afterlife effects of genes. JF - Trends in plant science Y1 - 2012 A1 - Whitham,Thomas G A1 - Gehring,Catherine A A1 - Lamit,Louis J A1 - Wojtowicz,Todd A1 - Evans,Luke M A1 - Keith,Arthur R A1 - Smith,David Solance KW - Animals KW - Arthropods KW - Biological Evolution KW - Ecosystem KW - Genotype KW - Herbivory KW - Host-Parasite Interactions KW - Models, Biological KW - Plants KW - Species Specificity AB -

Community-level genetic specificity results when individual genotypes or populations of the same species support different communities. Our review of the literature shows that genetic specificity exhibits both life and afterlife effects; it is a widespread phenomenon occurring in diverse taxonomic groups, aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems, and species-poor to species-rich systems. Such specificity affects species interactions, evolution, ecosystem processes and leads to community feedbacks on the performance of the individuals expressing the traits. Thus, genetic specificity by communities appears to be fundamentally important, suggesting that specificity is a major driver of the biodiversity and stability of the world's ecosystems.

VL - 17 SN - 1360-1385 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&DbFrom=pubmed&Cmd=Link&LinkName=pubmed_pubmed&LinkReadableName=Related%20Articles&IdsFromResult=22322002&ordinalpos=3&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSumhttp://www.ncbi. IS - 5 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Genetically-based trait variation within a foundation tree species influences a dominant bark lichen . JF - Fungal Ecology Y1 - 2011 A1 - Lamit,LJ A1 - MA Bowker A1 - LM Holeski A1 - Næsborg,RR A1 - Wooley,SC A1 - M Zinkgraf A1 - Lindroth,RL A1 - TG Whitham A1 - CA Gehring VL - 4 N1 - [Original String]:Lamit LJ, Bowker MA, Holeski LM, Næsborg RR, Wooley SC, Zinkgraf M, Lindroth RL, Whitham TG, Gehring CA. 2011. Genetically-based trait variation within a foundation tree species influences a dominant bark lichen . Fungal Ecology 4:103-109. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Genetically based susceptibility to herbivory influences the ectomycorrhizal fungal communities of a foundation tree species. JF - The New phytologist Y1 - 2009 A1 - Sthultz,Christopher M A1 - Whitham,Thomas G A1 - Kennedy,Karla A1 - Deckert,Ron A1 - Gehring,Catherine A KW - Animals KW - DNA, Fungal KW - Ecosystem KW - Host-Pathogen Interactions KW - Models, Biological KW - Moths KW - Mycorrhizae KW - Pinus KW - Symbiosis AB -

Although recent research indicates that herbivores interact with plant-associated microbes in complex ways, few studies have examined these interactions using a community approach. For example, the impact of herbivory on the community structure of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) is not well known. The influence of host plant genetics on EMF community composition is also poorly understood. We used a study system in which susceptibility to herbivory has a genetic basis and a 20-yr insect removal experiment to examine the influence of chronic herbivory and plant genetics on the EMF community structure of Pinus edulis. We compared EMF communities of herbivore resistant trees, herbivore susceptible trees and herbivore susceptible trees from which herbivores were experimentally removed at two dates 10 yr apart. In both years sampled, resistant and susceptible trees differed significantly in EMF community composition. After 10 yr and 20 yr of herbivore removal, the EMF communities of removal trees were similar to those of susceptible trees, but different from resistant trees. The EMF community composition was more strongly influenced by innate genetic differences in plant traits associated with resistance and susceptibility to herbivory than by indirect effects of herbivory on host plant relationships with ectomycorrhizal fungi.

VL - 184 SN - 0028-646X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&DbFrom=pubmed&Cmd=Link&LinkName=pubmed_pubmed&LinkReadableName=Related%20Articles&IdsFromResult=19761493&ordinalpos=3&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSumhttp://www.ncbi. IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Environmental and genetic effects on the formation of ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in cottonwoods. JF - Oecologia Y1 - 2006 A1 - Gehring,Catherine A A1 - Mueller,Rebecca C A1 - Whitham,Thomas G KW - Altitude KW - Carbon KW - Hybridization, Genetic KW - Mycorrhizae KW - Nitrogen KW - Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length KW - Populus KW - Soil KW - Symbiosis KW - Utah KW - Water AB -

Although both environment and genetics have been shown to affect the mycorrhizal colonization of host plants, the impacts of these factors on hosts that can be dually colonized by both ectomycorrhizal (EM) and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are less understood. We examined the influence of environment and host crosstype on the EM and AM colonization of cottonwoods (Populus angustifolia and natural hybrids) by comparing levels of colonization of trees growing in common gardens that differed in elevation and soil type. We also conducted a supplemental watering experiment to determine the influence of soil moisture on AM and EM colonization. Three patterns emerged. First, garden location had a significant impact on mycorrhizal colonization, such that EM colonization was 30% higher and AM colonization was 85% lower in the higher elevation garden than the lower elevation garden. Second, crosstype affected total (EM + AM) colonization, but did not affect EM or AM colonization. Similarly, a significant garden x crosstype interaction was found for total colonization, but not for EM or AM colonization. Third, experimental watering resulted in 33% higher EM colonization and 45% lower AM colonization, demonstrating that soil moisture was a major driver of the mycorrhizal differences observed between the gardens. We conclude that environment, particularly soil moisture, has a larger influence on colonization by AM versus EM fungi than host genetics, and suggest that environmental stress may be a major determinant of mycorrhizal colonization in dually colonized host plants.

VL - 149 SN - 0029-8549 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&DbFrom=pubmed&Cmd=Link&LinkName=pubmed_pubmed&LinkReadableName=Related%20Articles&IdsFromResult=16642319&ordinalpos=3&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSumhttp://www.ncbi. IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - A framework for community and ecosystem genetics: from genes to ecosystems. JF - Nature reviews. Genetics Y1 - 2006 A1 - Whitham,Thomas G A1 - JK Bailey A1 - Jennifer A Schweitzer A1 - Shuster,Stephen M A1 - RK Bangert A1 - LeRoy,Carri J A1 - Lonsdorf,Eric V A1 - Allan,Gery J A1 - DiFazio,Stephen P A1 - Potts,Brad M A1 - Fischer,Dylan G A1 - Gehring,Catherine A A1 - Lindroth,Richard L A1 - Jane C Marks A1 - Stephen C Hart A1 - Wimp,Gina M A1 - Wooley,Stuart C KW - Animals KW - Ecosystem KW - Genetics, Population KW - Humans KW - Plants AB -

Can heritable traits in a single species affect an entire ecosystem? Recent studies show that such traits in a common tree have predictable effects on community structure and ecosystem processes. Because these 'community and ecosystem phenotypes' have a genetic basis and are heritable, we can begin to apply the principles of population and quantitative genetics to place the study of complex communities and ecosystems within an evolutionary framework. This framework could allow us to understand, for the first time, the genetic basis of ecosystem processes, and the effect of such phenomena as climate change and introduced transgenic organisms on entire communities.

VL - 7 SN - 1471-0056 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&DbFrom=pubmed&Cmd=Link&LinkName=pubmed_pubmed&LinkReadableName=Related%20Articles&IdsFromResult=16778835&ordinalpos=3&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSumhttp://www.ncbi. IS - 7 ER -