TY - JOUR T1 - Local biotic adaptation of trees and shrubs to plant neighbors. JF - Okios Y1 - 2017 A1 - Grady, K.C. A1 - Wood, T. E. A1 - Kolb, T. E. A1 - Hersch-Green, E. A1 - Shuster, S.M. A1 - Gehring, C. A. A1 - Hart, S.C. A1 - Allan, G.J. A1 - T. G. Whitham AB -

Natural selection as a result of plant–plant interactions can lead to local biotic adaptation. This may occur where species frequently interact and compete intensely for resources limiting growth, survival, and reproduction. Selection is demonstrated by comparing a genotype interacting with con‐ or hetero‐specific sympatric neighbor genotypes with a shared site‐level history (derived from the same source location), to the same genotype interacting with foreign neighbor genotypes (from different sources). Better genotype performance in sympatric than allopatric neighborhoods provides evidence of local biotic adaptation. This pattern might be explained by selection to avoid competition by shifting resource niches (differentiation) or by interactions benefitting one or more members (facilitation). We tested for local biotic adaptation among two riparian trees, Populus fremontii and Salix gooddingii, and the shrub Salix exigua by transplanting replicated genotypes from multiple source locations to a 17 000 tree common garden with sympatric and allopatric treatments along the Colorado River in California. Three major patterns were observed: 1) across species, 62 of 88 genotypes grew faster with sympatric neighbors than allopatric neighbors; 2) these growth rates, on an individual tree basis, were 44, 15 and 33% higher in sympatric than allopatric treatments for P. fremontii, S. exigua and S. gooddingii, respectively, and; 3) survivorship was higher in sympatric treatments for P. fremontii and S. exigua. These results support the view that fitness of foundation species supporting diverse communities and dominating ecosystem processes is determined by adaptive interactions among multiple plant species with the outcome that performance depends on the genetic identity of plant neighbors. The occurrence of evolution in a plant‐community context for trees and shrubs builds on ecological evolutionary research that has demonstrated co‐evolution among herbaceous taxa, and evolution of native species during exotic plants invasion, and taken together, refutes the concept that plant communities are always random associations.

VL - 126 UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/oik.03240 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Conservative leaf economic traits correlate with fast growth of genotypes of a foundation riparian species near the thermal maximum extent of its geographic range . JF - Functional Ecology Y1 - 2013 A1 - Grady,KC A1 - Laughlin,DC A1 - Ferrier,SM A1 - TE Kolb A1 - Hart,SC A1 - GJ Allan A1 - TG Whitham VL - 27 N1 - [Original String]:Grady KC, Laughlin DC, Ferrier SM, Kolb TE, Hart SC, Allan GJ, Whitham TG. 2013. Conservative leaf economic traits correlate with fast growth of genotypes of a foundation riparian species near the thermal maximum extent of its geographic range . Functional Ecology 27:427-438. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Genetic components to belowground carbon fluxes in a riparian forest ecosystem: a common garden approach. JF - The New phytologist Y1 - 2012 A1 - Lojewski,Nathan R A1 - Fischer,Dylan G A1 - JK Bailey A1 - Jennifer A Schweitzer A1 - Whitham,Thomas G A1 - Stephen C Hart KW - Carbon KW - Carbon Cycle KW - Carbon Dioxide KW - Chimera KW - Crosses, Genetic KW - Ecosystem KW - Genetic Variation KW - Genotype KW - Populus KW - Soil KW - Trees AB -

Soil carbon dioxide (CO(2)) efflux is a major component of terrestrial carbon (C) cycles; yet, the demonstration of covariation between overstory tree genetic-based traits and soil C flux remains a major frontier in understanding biological controls over soil C. Here, we used a common garden with two native tree species, Populus fremontii and P. angustifolia, and their naturally occurring hybrids to test the predictability of belowground C fluxes on the basis of taxonomic identity and genetic marker composition of replicated clones of individual genotypes. Three patterns emerged: soil CO(2) efflux and ratios of belowground flux to aboveground productivity differ by as much as 50-150% as a result of differences in clone identity and cross type; on the basis of Mantel tests of molecular marker matrices, we found that c. 30% of this variation was genetically based, in which genetically similar trees support more similar soil CO(2) efflux under their canopies than do genetically dissimilar trees; and the patterns detected in an experimental garden match observations in the wild, and seem to be unrelated to measured abiotic factors. Our findings suggest that the genetic makeup of the plants growing on soil has a significant influence on the release of C from soils to the atmosphere.

VL - 195 SN - 0028-646X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&DbFrom=pubmed&Cmd=Link&LinkName=pubmed_pubmed&LinkReadableName=Related%20Articles&IdsFromResult=22642377&ordinalpos=3&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSumhttp://www.ncbi. IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Soil-mediated local adaptation alters seedling survival and performance . JF - Plant and Soil Y1 - 2012 A1 - Smith,DS A1 - Schweitzer,JA A1 - Turk,P A1 - JK Bailey A1 - Hart,SC A1 - SM Shuster A1 - TG Whitham VL - 352 N1 - [Original String]:Smith DS, Schweitzer JA, Turk P, Bailey JK, Hart SC, Shuster SM, Whitham TG. 2012. Soil-mediated local adaptation alters seedling survival and performance . Plant and Soil 352: 243-251. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Genetic variation in productivity of foundation riparian species at the edge of their distribution: implications for restoration and assisted migration in a warming climate . JF - Global Change Biology Y1 - 2011 A1 - Grady,KC A1 - Ferrier,SM A1 - TE Kolb A1 - Hart,SC A1 - Allan,GA A1 - TG Whitham VL - 17 N1 - [Original String]:Grady KC, Ferrier SM, Kolb TE, Hart SC, Allan GA, Whitham TG. 2011. Genetic variation in productivity of foundation riparian species at the edge of their distribution: implications for restoration and assisted migration in a warming climate . Global Change Biology 17:3724-3735. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Genetic basis of aboveground productivity in two native Populus species and their hybrids. JF - Tree physiology Y1 - 2009 A1 - Lojewski,Nathan R A1 - Fischer,Dylan G A1 - JK Bailey A1 - Jennifer A Schweitzer A1 - Whitham,Thomas G A1 - Stephen C Hart KW - Ecosystem KW - Genotype KW - Hybridization, Genetic KW - Populus KW - Species Specificity KW - Utah AB -

Demonstration of genetic control over riparian tree productivity has major implications for responses of riparian systems to shifting environmental conditions and effects of genetics on ecosystems in general. We used field studies and common gardens, applying both molecular and quantitative techniques, to compare plot-level tree aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP(tree)) and individual tree growth rate constants in relation to plant genetic identity in two naturally occurring Populus tree species and their hybrids. In field comparisons of four cross types (Populus fremontii S. Wats., Populus angustifolia James, F(1) hybrids and backcross hybrids) across 11 natural stands, productivity was greatest for P. fremontii trees, followed by hybrids and lowest in P. angustifolia. A similar pattern was observed in four common gardens across a 290 m elevation and 100 km environmental gradient. Despite a doubling in productivity across the common gardens, the relative differences among the cross types remained constant. Using clonal replicates in a common garden, we found ANPP(tree) to be a heritable plant trait (i.e., broad-sense heritability), such that plant genetic factors explained between 38% and 82% of the variation in ANPP(tree). Furthermore, analysis of the genetic composition among individual tree genotypes using restriction fragment length polymorphism molecular markers showed that genetically similar trees also exhibited similar ANPP(tree). These findings indicate strong genetic contributions to natural variation in ANPP with important ecological implications.

VL - 29 SN - 0829-318X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&DbFrom=pubmed&Cmd=Link&LinkName=pubmed_pubmed&LinkReadableName=Related%20Articles&IdsFromResult=19578030&ordinalpos=3&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSumhttp://www.ncbi. IS - 9 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - From genes to ecosystems: the genetic basis of condensed tannins and their role in nutrient regulation in a Populus model system . JF - Ecosystems Y1 - 2008 A1 - Schweitzer,JA A1 - Madritch,MD A1 - JK Bailey A1 - LeRoy,CJ A1 - Fischer,DG A1 - Rehill,BJ A1 - Lindroth,RL A1 - Hagerman,AE A1 - Wooley,SC A1 - Hart,SC A1 - TG Whitham VL - 11 N1 - [Original String]:Schweitzer JA, Madritch MD, Bailey JK, LeRoy CJ, Fischer DG, Rehill BJ, Lindroth RL, Hagerman AE, Wooley SC, Hart SC, Whitham TG. 2008. From genes to ecosystems: the genetic basis of condensed tannins and their role in nutrient regulation in a Populus model system . Ecosystems 11:1005-1020. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Plant-soil microorganism interactions: heritable relationship between plant genotype and associated soil microorganisms. JF - Ecology Y1 - 2008 A1 - Jennifer A Schweitzer A1 - JK Bailey A1 - Fischer,Dylan G A1 - LeRoy,Carri J A1 - Lonsdorf,Eric V A1 - Whitham,Thomas G A1 - Stephen C Hart KW - Biomass KW - Crosses, Genetic KW - Ecosystem KW - Fatty Acids KW - Genetic Variation KW - Genotype KW - Host-Pathogen Interactions KW - Phospholipids KW - Plants KW - Soil Microbiology KW - Species Specificity AB -

Although soil microbial communities are known to play crucial roles in the cycling of nutrients in forest ecosystems and can vary by plant species, how microorganisms respond to the subtle gradients of plant genetic variation is just beginning to be appreciated. Using a model Populus system in a common garden with replicated clones of known genotypes, we evaluated microbial biomass and community composition as quantitative traits. Two main patterns emerged. (1) Plant genotype influenced microbial biomass nitrogen in soils under replicated genotypes of Populus angustifolia, F1, and backcross hybrids, but not P. fremontii. Genotype explained up to 78% of the variation in microbial biomass as indicated by broad-sense heritability estimates (i.e., clonal repeatability). A second estimate of microbial biomass (total phospholipid fatty acid) was more conservative and showed significant genotype effects in P. angustifolia and backcross hybrids. (2) Plant genotype significantly influenced microbial community composition, explaining up to 70% of the variation in community composition within P. angustifolia genotypes alone. These findings suggest that variation in above- and belowground traits of individual plant genotypes can alter soil microbial dynamics, and suggests that further investigations of the evolutionary implications of genetic feedbacks are warranted.

VL - 89 SN - 0012-9658 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&DbFrom=pubmed&Cmd=Link&LinkName=pubmed_pubmed&LinkReadableName=Related%20Articles&IdsFromResult=18459340&ordinalpos=3&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSumhttp://www.ncbi. IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Genetic‐based plant resistance and susceptibility traits to herbivory influence needle and root litter nutrient dynamics JF - Journal of Ecology Y1 - 2007 A1 - Classen,AT A1 - Chapman,SK A1 - TG Whitham A1 - Hart,SC A1 - GW Koch AB - Summary 1 It is generally assumed that the same factors drive the decomposition of both litter and roots and that nutrient release from litter and roots is synchronized. However, few studies have explicitly tested these assumptions, and no studies have examined whether plant genetics (i.e. plant susceptibility to herbivory) could affect these relationships. 2 Here we examine the effects of herbivore susceptibility and resistance on needle and fine root litter decomposition of pi帽on pine, Pinus edulis . The study population consists of individual trees that are either susceptible or resistant to herbivory by the pi帽on needle scale, Matsucoccus acalyptus , or the stem-boring moth, Dioryctria albovittella . Genetic analyses and long-term experimental removals and additions of these insects to individual trees have identified trees that are naturally resistant or susceptible to M. acalyptus and D. albovittella . In addition, these herbivores increase litter chemical quality and alter soil microclimate, both of which mediate decomposition in ecosystems. 3 The effects of herbivore susceptibility and resistance on needle litter mass and phosphorus (P) loss, when significant, are largely mediated by herbivore-induced changes to microclimate. But the effects of herbivore susceptibility and resistance on root litter nitrogen (N) and P retention, and needle litter N retention, are largely governed by herbivore-induced changes to litter chemical quality. Whether a particular tree was resistant or susceptible to herbivores exerted a large influence on net nutrient release, but the direction of herbivore influence varied temporally. 4 The controls on decomposition vary between herbivore-susceptible and herbivore-resistant phenotypes. This suggests that understanding decomposition and nutrient retention in some ecosystems may require considering the effects of herbivores on above- and below-ground processes and how these effects may be governed by plant genetics. 5 Synthesis . Because so few studies have attempted to quantify genetic components of ecosystem processes, the integration of ecosystem ecology with population genetics has the potential to place ecosystem science within a genetic and evolutionary framework. Using field trials of known genetic composition, ecosystem scientists may use quantitative genetics techniques to explore ecosystem traits just as population geneticists have used these techniques to explore traditional traits such as resistance to insects. VL - 95 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01297.x/full IS - 6 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Do high-tannin leaves require more roots? JF - Oecologia Y1 - 2006 A1 - Fischer,FG A1 - Hart,SC A1 - Rehill,BJ A1 - Lindroth,RL A1 - Keim,P A1 - and Whitham,TG VL - 149 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - A framework for community and ecosystem genetics: from genes to ecosystems. JF - Nature reviews. Genetics Y1 - 2006 A1 - Whitham,Thomas G A1 - JK Bailey A1 - Jennifer A Schweitzer A1 - Shuster,Stephen M A1 - RK Bangert A1 - LeRoy,Carri J A1 - Lonsdorf,Eric V A1 - Allan,Gery J A1 - DiFazio,Stephen P A1 - Potts,Brad M A1 - Fischer,Dylan G A1 - Gehring,Catherine A A1 - Lindroth,Richard L A1 - Jane C Marks A1 - Stephen C Hart A1 - Wimp,Gina M A1 - Wooley,Stuart C KW - Animals KW - Ecosystem KW - Genetics, Population KW - Humans KW - Plants AB -

Can heritable traits in a single species affect an entire ecosystem? Recent studies show that such traits in a common tree have predictable effects on community structure and ecosystem processes. Because these 'community and ecosystem phenotypes' have a genetic basis and are heritable, we can begin to apply the principles of population and quantitative genetics to place the study of complex communities and ecosystems within an evolutionary framework. This framework could allow us to understand, for the first time, the genetic basis of ecosystem processes, and the effect of such phenomena as climate change and introduced transgenic organisms on entire communities.

VL - 7 SN - 1471-0056 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&DbFrom=pubmed&Cmd=Link&LinkName=pubmed_pubmed&LinkReadableName=Related%20Articles&IdsFromResult=16778835&ordinalpos=3&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSumhttp://www.ncbi. IS - 7 ER -